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Laparoscopic Diaphragmatic Repair
               Average hospital stay was 3.8 days (3 to 5 days), consistent with      7.  Christiansen LA, Blichert-Toft M, Bertelsen S. Strangulated
                                                            14
                   6
            Saroj et al.  who quoted a hospital stay of 4 days and Phillips et al.    diaphragmatic hernia. A clinical study. Am J Surg 1975;129(5):
            quoted 4.5 days.                                        574–578.
               None of our cases had any postoperative morbidity or     8.  Al-Emadi M, Ismail H, Nada MA, et al. Laparoscopic repair of Bochdalek
                                                                    hernia in an adult. Surg Laparos Endos 1999;9(6):423–425.
                                           14
            recurrence, consistent with Phillips et al.  who quoted modest     9.  Goh BKP, Teo MCC, Chng S-P, et al. Rightsided Bochdalek’s hernia in
            postoperative morbidity and recurrence rates similar to open.  an adult. Am J Surg 2007;194(3):390–391.
               Laparoscopic diaphragmatic hernia repair is increasingly being     10.  Swain JM, Klaus A, Achem SR, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
                                                         19
            reported to have better short-term postoperative outcomes  and   in adults,. Semin Laparosc Surg 2001;8(4):246–255.
            a recurrence rate similar to the open approach. 14    11.  Rice GD, O’Boyle CJ, Watson DI, et al. Laparoscopic repair of Bochdalek
                                                                    hernia in an adult. ANZ J Surg 2001;71(7):443–445.
            conclusIon                                           12.  Palanivelu C, Rangarajan M, Rajapandian S, et al. Laparoscopic repair
            Laparoscopic diaphragmatic hernia repair is an feasible, acceptable,   of adult diaphragmatic hernias and eventration with primary sutured
                                                                    closure and prosthetic reinforcement: a retrospective study. Surg
            affordable, superior, and safe alternative to open repair with better   Endosc 2009;23:978–985. DOI: 10.1007/s00464-008-0294-1.
            short-term postoperative outcomes and a recurrence rate similar     13.  Mullins ME, Saini S. Imaging of incidental Bochdalek hernia. Semin
            to the open approach.                                   Ultrasound CT MR 2005;26:28–36.
               With regard to the controversies in diaphragmatic hernia     14.  Thoman DS, Hui T, Phillips EH. Laparoscopic diaphragmatic hernia
            management, at our center, we (1) excise thinned out diaphragm or   repair. Surg Endosc 2002;16:1345–1349. DOI: 10.1007/s00464-001-
                                                                    8162-2.
            hernia sac only when feasible and safe; (2) close the defect, without     15.  Kitano Y, Lally KP, Lally PA. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia study
            tension on the diaphragm, with barbed, continuous PDS sutures   group: late-presenting congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr
            and interrupted ethibond sutures, wherever appropriate; (3) mesh   Surg 2005;40:1839–1843.
            reinforcement done in all cases of hernia and eventration, unless     16.  Campos LI, Sipes EK. Laparoscopic repair of diaphragmatic hernia.
            contraindicated.                                        J Laparoendosc Surg 1991;1:369–373.
                                                                 17.  Kuster GG, Kline LE, Garzo G. Diaphragmatic hernia through
                                                                    the foramen of Morgagni: laparoscopic repair case report.
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             50   World Journal of Laparoscopic Surgery, Volume 13 Issue 1 (January–April 2020)
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