Task Analysis for Laparoscopic Myomectomy
Sukriti Malaviya
Definition:
Uterine fibroids or uterine leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumours of the uterus.
Signs and Symptoms:
They are symptomatic in only 35-50% of patients and depending upon location, size, secondary changes & pregnancy status they may cause:
- Abnormal uterine bleeding
- Dysmenorrhoea
- Pressure Effect: when large in size may distort or obstruct other organs like ureters, bladder or rectum causing urinary symptoms, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, constipation, pelvic venous congestion & lower limb oedema.
- Cervical tumours cause serosanguinous vaginal discharge, bleeding, dyspareunia or infertility.
- Infertility: multiple causes are there, fertility is affected more with endometrial cavitary tumours.
- Spontaneous Abortion: More with intracavitary tumour.
- Pelvic ultrasonography with doppler study is very helpful in confirming the diagnosis.
- Saline hysterosonography can identify submucous myoma that may be missed on USG and to differentiate it from polyp.
- MRI highly accurate in delineating the size, location & no. of myomas.
- Ultrasound KUB for urinary symptoms including IVP to show ureteral dilatation.
- Hysteroscopy for identification & removal of submucous myomas.
Grade 0 | Pedunculated subserosal fibroid |
Grade 1 | Involvement of < 50% of outer uterine wall |
Grade 2 | Involvement of > 50% of myometrial wall |
Grade 3 | Fibroids that extend from mucosa to serosa |
- Selection of patient: should be fit for surgery and general anaesthesia.
- Preop evaluation: Only to be done for myomas not exceeding 10 cms in size or when uterus is less than 18 weeks in size,
cavity should be known by imaging.
Also myomectomy should not be done for multiple intramural myomas that is not more than 3-4 intramural myomas at one sitting and for myomas <1cm in size.
- Laparoscopic Myomectomy needs good suturing skill. Inadequate suturing has led to reports of uterine rupture in pregnancy and labour.
- Consent for myomectomy
- Consent for conversion of procedure into open surgery in case of any complication.
- Consent for chances of hysterectomy in case of severe complications.
- Bowel preparation: On previous day of surgery patient is allowed soft diet till afternoon, followed by liquid diet up-till midnight. Nil by mouth for at-least 8hrs before surgery. PEGLEC powder can be given for bowel preparation on previous night of surgery. Pre-op medications and antibiotic dose to be given 1hr before surgery.
- Laparoscopic Myomectomy should be done under General Anaesthesia.
- Position of patient: at the time of pneumo-peritoneum by Veress needle, patient should be placed supine with 10 to 20 degree head down or supine position if Veress needle will be inserted perpendicular.
- Patient return end plate should be attached to thigh.
Instruments and equipment required:
- Monitor CCD-camera, light source, insufflator with CO2 cylinder, electrosurgical generator, and suction irrigation system- all in one cart.
- Veress needle, 10mm 30 degree telescope,10mm port, three 5mm ports, Maryland, atraumatic-grasper, semi-traumatic grasper, monopolar hook, bipolar grasper, harmonic scalpel, cold scissors, 5mm myoma screw, 2 needle holders, 10mm tenaculum, motorized morcellator, suture material no1 Vicryl, knot pushers and suction cannula and tubing, vasopressin in the dilution 5IU+20ml normal saline and 100-200ml of diluted vasopressin can be used.
- Surgeon should stand on left side of the patient during Veress needle insertion and opposite to the side of pathology to start the surgery, Monitor, target organ and surgeons visual axis should be in a coaxial line.
- Camera assistant should be on right side of the surgeon,
- Scrubbed nurse should be on the left side of surgeon.
- Preparation of parts done by scrubbing and draping under aseptic techniques.
- Insufflator is turned on to remove air from tubings and preset pressure is set at 12-15mm Hg for myomectomy surgery and set flow rate is set
Camera is turned on and white balancing followed by focusing is done at a distance of 10 cms.
- Tubings of insufflator and the connections of required instruments, bipolar/harmonic with electrosurgical generator are checked and set up. All the cables should be arranged in proper position.
Operative Steps proper: - Take 10cm Veress needle and check for its spring action and patency.
- Take 2 Allis forceps to evert and hold each side of umbilicus.
- Use blade to place small horizontal stab wound for primary port. Depending upon the size of uterus and likelihood of adhesions
dissection is at a distance of 18-24cm, If uterus is less than 12 wks size, primary port is kept at inferior
umbilical crease,
If uterus is 14 to 18 wks size then primary port will be supra-umbilical, If uterus is 20 wks size, primary port should be placed at palmar’s
point, and
In case of previous lower abdominal surgery with scar below umbilicus, supra-umbilical port is preferred and in case of scar till umbilicus, palmer’s point is preferred. Also, in obese patients, 20cm Veress needle is used and entry point is usually through infra-umbilical area, 22.5cm from xiphisternum. Hasson’s open access technique can also be used in case of
suspicion of adhesions due to previous surgery etc.
- Then use mosquito clamp to dissect away subcutaneous adipose and expose rectus sheath.
- Measure abdominal wall thickness and add 4cm for distance to hold Veress needle.
- Hold Veress needle at calculated length like a dart.
- Assistant and surgeon to hold the lower abdomen up, abdominal wall should be held in full thickness.
- At the time of insertion of Veress needle, there should be 45 degree elevation angle (perpendicular entry in case of adhesions and obese patients), and the distal end of the Veress needle should be pointed toward the anus and perpendicular to abdominal wall.
- Insert Veress needle until two clicks felt.
- Confirm correct Veress needle placement by irrigation test, aspiration test, plunger test and hanging drop test.
- Connect CO2 gas tube to Veress needle and turn on CO2 and allow flow rate of 1 l/min, insufflation pressure ideally should be 12-15mmHg in myomectomy surgery.
- Observe quadro-manometric indicators to rise in parallel for volume of gas and actual pressure and observe for general distension of abdomen and percuss for obliteration of liver dullness. Once 1litre of gas has entered increase flow rate to 2-3 l/min Always keep a watch on gas leak by co-relating total volume of gas, actual pressure, actual flow rate and ETCO2. While anaesthetist should keep a watch on vitals of patient and capnograph and ETCO2, so as to detect any complication early.
- Once pneumo-peritoneum is achieved extend skin incision, smiling shape to 11 mm in size.
- Hold 10mm port like a gun and insert it perpendicular to abdomen & tilt to 60-70 degree towards pelvis when there is loss of resistance.
- Confirm intra-abdominal placement of primary port with escaping air sound and audible click and take out trocar.
- Set the flow rate to 6-10 litres/minute.
- Connect gas tubing to primary port.
- Insert telescope and inspect entry point to exclude any bowel or vessel injury.
- Request for Trendelenburg position of 30 degrees.
- Camera cable should be at 6 o’clock and light source should be at 12 o’clock.
- Apply baseball diamond shape principle for secondary port insertion (ipsilateral and contralateral). Make a diamond shape with thumbs at umbilicus and index fingers towards target organ. .
- Transilluminate at target organ, the uterus with fibroids and confirm position of secondary ports.
- Incise skin along Langer lines for two secondary ports.
- Insert lateral ports under vision (5mm x 2 at LIF and RIF) at position of snuff box, which is about 18cm from target i.e base of myoma. They should be placed, high and outside the epigastric vessels so that good access is provided and distance between two working ports is not less than 5cm and not more than 15cm and between telescope and working port 5-7.5cm.
- Additionally, suprapubic port can be used for anterior wall myoma to
liver retractor can be used for post wall myoma in unmarried female as uterine manipulator cannot be used.
- All secondary trocar should be inserted perpendicular to the abdominal wall till tip enter peritoneum and then oblique. Trocar on the opposite side of the body of patient is introduced by holding in suicidal knife position.
- Diagnostic laparoscopy should be done first with atraumatic grasper to perform systematic inspection of entire abdomen and pelvis in clockwise fashion.
- Preventive Haemostasis
- Fixation of Myoma
- Enucleation Myoma
- Obliteration of Dead space
- Retrieval of Myoma
- Vasopressin 5IU+20ml normal saline is the dilution, 100-200ml of diluted vasopressin can be used. It is injected at the stalk of the fibroid or at the junction of the fibroid with the uterus at 30 degree angle ( for pedunculated fibroids generally vasopressin is not required).
- Now look for blebbing or marble white appearance of fibroid due to injected vasopressin.
- Carefully plan for incision, if ipsilateral ports are used then horizontal/ oblique incision is recommended and in case of contralateral port position vertical or oblique incision is recommended.
- In case of multiple fibroids incision is planned in such a way that maximum myomas can be removed from one incision.
- Now incise the most bulging part on the fibroid with harmonic scalpel or low voltage monopolar current in cutting mode until the capsule of the myoma is visualised.
- With two graspers, cut edges are pulled so that the capsule is exposed and tenaculum or myoma screw is inserted.
- Now with myoma screw give gradual traction preferably antero-medial traction and counter traction with blunt instrument like suction cannula and blunt dissection is done.
- Position of myoma screw is changed from time to time to apply traction on cleavage line until enucleation is done.
- The large feeding vessels at the base of the fibroid are cauterised with bipolar and cut with scissor or harmonic scalpel is used.
- At the base, careful dissection is done so as to slowly separate and detach the myoma and not to avulse the entire endometrium by abruptly pulling the myoma and tearing the tissues. Also, bleeding is less this way.
- Care is also taken not to open the cavity. Always, when required remain as nearer as possible to the myoma.
- Undue use of cautery is avoided as it leads to defective healing and weak scar formation.
- Myoma after removal is placed in the cul-de sac or para-colic gutters.
- In Broad ligament myoma, anterior leaf of broad ligament is cut parallel to the round ligament i.e. in the grey area so that bleeding is less, care should be taken never to cut in mesosalpinx. Ureter must be identified and careful dissection and enucleation of the myoma is done, should not be pulled abruptly, or else ureter or uterine artery can be avulsed. Repair of peritoneum not required.
- In case of subserosal (grade 0) myoma it can be directly cut from the base with harmonic scalpel or monopolar spatula/hook/scissors (taking care with monopolar that bladder is behind and there should be no overshooting) or an extracorporeal knot can be tied towards the uterus and myoma can be cut out with bipolar maryland and scissor and no need to close the serosa in these cases.
- Reconstruction of myoma bed is done with no 1 Vicryl suture.
- The main aim of suturing is to obliterate the dead space to avoid haematoma formation.
- Many types of suturing techniques can be used.
- Start from one angle, first suture should be placed beyond the angle.
- The rest of the defect is closed.
- Last suture should be beyond the other angle.
- For grade 1 myoma single layer continuous or extracorporeal tension sutures can be applied.
- For grade 2 or deep intramural myoma double layer continues suturing is required or extracorporeal knots for inner muscle layer and continuous suture for outer serosal layer.
- When cavity is opened three layer of suturing is required:
extracorporeal knots, and
Third, serosal layer again closed by continuous suture. - Spread Intercede over raw area.
Extraction of myoma: It can be done by
- Morcellator: One of the ports is converted to 15mm and morcellator inserted. The myoma is held with tenaculum and is fed to motorized morcellator. Take care not to move morcellator near the tissue instead tissue to be fed to morcellator with tenaculum.
- By colpotomy in multipara women - pressure with sponge is given in posterior fornix and incision is made 3cm below cervix and myoma is removed by claw forceps. The colpotomy wound is closed by extracorporeal square knot or is sutured vaginally.
- A meticulous lavage is given, haemostasis is checked and preceded with port closure.
- Port closure is done under vision with outer sheath of Veress needle or suture passer, after slightly deflating the abdomen so that sutures are not in tension.
- The last port to be closed is the telescope port, done after completely deflating the abdomen, and keeping the telescope in and removing the cannula followed by telescope at last.
- The skin incision is closed with staplers and dressing done.
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How to Perform and Implement Task Analysis of Laparoscopic and Robotic Procedures
Task analysis is a critical component of any complex surgical procedure, including laparoscopic and robotic surgeries. It involves breaking down the procedure into its constituent tasks, identifying the steps, skills, and cognitive processes required. Task analysis not only enhances the understanding of these intricate surgeries but also serves as a foundation for training, skill assessment, and continuous improvement in healthcare. In this essay, we will delve into how to conduct and implement task analysis for laparoscopic and robotic procedures.
Understanding the Significance of Task Analysis
Before we explore the procedure for task analysis, it's essential to recognize why it is of paramount importance in the realm of surgery, particularly for laparoscopic and robotic procedures.
1. Enhanced Learning and Training: Task analysis helps in developing structured training programs. It breaks down complex procedures into manageable components, making it easier for trainees to learn and practice each step methodically.
2. Skill Assessment: By understanding the tasks and sub-tasks involved, it becomes possible to assess the competence of surgeons and surgical teams. This is crucial for ensuring patient safety and quality care.
3. Workflow Optimization: Task analysis can reveal inefficiencies in surgical workflows. Identifying these bottlenecks allows for process improvements, potentially reducing surgical times and enhancing outcomes.
4. Error Reduction: Recognizing potential points of error is vital for preventing surgical complications. Task analysis can highlight critical steps where errors are more likely to occur, leading to proactive measures to mitigate risks.
Procedure for Task Analysis of Laparoscopic and Robotic Procedures:
Task analysis for laparoscopic and robotic procedures involves several steps:
Step 1: Define the Surgical Procedure
Begin by clearly defining the surgical procedure you wish to analyze. Whether it's a laparoscopic cholecystectomy or a robotic prostatectomy, having a specific procedure in mind is essential.
Step 2: Gather Expert Input
Engage experts in the field, including experienced surgeons, nurses, and other surgical team members. Their input is invaluable in identifying and detailing the tasks involved.
Step 3: Identify the Tasks and Sub-Tasks
Break down the surgical procedure into tasks and sub-tasks. For instance, in a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, tasks could include trocar placement, camera insertion, gallbladder dissection, and suturing. Sub-tasks under "trocar placement" might involve choosing trocar sizes, making incisions, and inserting trocars.
Step 4: Sequence the Tasks
Establish the chronological order of tasks. Determine which tasks are dependent on others and identify any parallel processes. Sequencing tasks is essential for understanding the flow of the procedure.
Step 5: Define Task Goals and Objectives
For each task and sub-task, define the goals and objectives. What should be achieved in each step? For instance, in gallbladder dissection, the goal might be to safely detach the gallbladder from the liver while preserving nearby structures.
Step 6: Skill and Equipment Requirements
Specify the skills and equipment required for each task. Consider the level of expertise needed, such as basic laparoscopic skills or advanced robotic manipulation. Document the instruments and technology involved.
Step 7: Cognitive Processes
Identify the cognitive processes involved, such as decision-making, spatial orientation, and problem-solving. Understanding the mental aspects of surgery is critical for training and error prevention.
Step 8: Consider Variations and Complications
Acknowledge potential variations in the procedure and anticipate complications. How would the surgical team adapt if unexpected issues arise? Task analysis should encompass both the standard procedure and potential deviations.
Step 9: Develop Training and Assessment Tools
Use the task analysis results to create structured training modules. These modules should align with the identified tasks, objectives, and skill requirements. Additionally, design assessment tools to evaluate the competence of trainees and surgical teams.
Step 10: Continuous Improvement
Task analysis is not a one-time endeavor. Regularly revisit the analysis to incorporate new techniques, technology, and best practices. Continuous improvement is vital for staying at the forefront of surgical care.
Implementing Task Analysis Results:
Once task analysis is complete, it's crucial to implement the findings effectively:
1. Training Programs: Develop and deliver training programs based on the task analysis. These programs should encompass both simulation-based training and real-life surgical experience.
2. Skill Assessment: Use the assessment tools developed during task analysis to evaluate the skills of surgical teams. This can be done through structured evaluations and objective metrics.
3. Quality Improvement: Task analysis can reveal areas for process improvement. Work with the surgical team to implement changes that enhance efficiency and patient outcomes.
4. Error Prevention: Utilize the identified points of error to develop strategies for error prevention. This might involve checklists, preoperative briefings, and enhanced communication protocols.
5. Research and Innovation: Task analysis can also guide research efforts, leading to the development of new techniques and technologies that improve surgical procedures.
In conclusion, task analysis is an indispensable tool in understanding, teaching, and advancing complex surgical procedures such as laparoscopic and robotic surgeries. By meticulously dissecting each task and sub-task, identifying skill requirements, and considering cognitive processes, healthcare professionals can enhance patient safety, optimize surgical workflows, and continually improve the quality of surgical care. Task analysis is not merely an analytical exercise; it is a pathway to excellence in surgical practice.