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Task Analysis of Sleeve Gastrectomy

General Surgery / Sep 21st, 2017 3:01 pm     A⁺ | a^-

By:- Dr. Vikas Matai 

MS (General Surgery), FMAS, DMAS 

 

 

PROCEDURAL STEPS: 
 

1. General anaesthesia and insertion of Foley’s catheter and nasogastric tube 

2. Part preparation and patient positioning 

3. Position of surgical team and equipment 

4. Creation of pneumoperitoneum and port insertion 

5. Retraction of liver 

6. Identifying lower limit of gastric pouch 

7. Dealing with the short gastric arteries along the greater curvature of stomach 

8. Mobilizing the posterior surface of the stomach 

9. Dealing with hiatus hernia, if present 

10. Gastric transection according to the gastric calibration tube 

11. Checking for hemostasis and leakage 

12. Extraction of the specimen 

13. Port closure  

14. Post-operative care 

 

EXECUTIONAL STEPS: 

 

1. General anaesthesia and insertion of Foley’s catheter and nasogastric tube 
 

a. The patient is administered general anesthesia depending on the anesthetist’s preference and evaluation of the patient. 

b. Nasogastric tube is inserted and its position confirmed by pushing air through it and auscultating a bubbling noise over right hypochondriac region. It is later fixed securely and gastric decompression is done. 

c. An appropriate sized Foley’s catheter is inserted under aseptic precautions and connected to the Urobag. The bulb of Foley’s catheter is inflated with saline after urine can be seen coming out from the catheter. The volume of urine is noted and the bladder is emptied. 

 

2. Port Preparation and patient positioning 
 

a. The area chest, armpits and the abdomen is prepared intra-operatively by clippers. 

b. The patient is initially placed in a supine position with open legs, which will be changed to reverse Trendelenburg (30o head up) after insertion of ports. 

c. After painting the operative area with povidone iodine, the patient is adequately draped, keeping a screen between the head of the patient and the operative field. 

d. Pneumatic stockings are tied on patient’s legs and adequate padding is given to pressure points. DVT prophylaxis is also given. 

 

 

3. Position of surgical team and equipment 

  

a. The surgeon stands in between the legs of the patient 

b. The first assistant can double up as a camera person and he stands to the      right of the patient. 

c. The 2nd assistant retracts the stomach and stands to the left of the patient. 

d. There are 2 monitors placed near each shoulder of the patient. 

e. The anaesthetist stands towards the head end of the patient along with the anesthetist trolley. 

f. The scrub nurse stands near the left leg of the patient along with the instrument trolleys. 

 

4. Creation of pneumoperitoneum and port insertion 
 

a. In supine position, a stab incision of 2 mm is put 22.5 cms below the xiphoid process in the midline and slightly towards the left side to avoid the fatty and vascular falciform ligament. 

b. Veress needle is checked for patency and the spring action. 

c. The Veress needle is held like a dart between the pulps of 4 fingers and thumb, and is inserted perpendicularly. 

d. The unguarded shaft should be (4 cm + abdominal wall thickness), to accommodate the 3-4 cm tenting of the peritoneum. 

e. After 2 clicks, the saline aspiration and irrigation test should be performed, followed by hanging drop test and plunger test, to confirm intraperitoneal location of Veress’ tip. 

f. The CO2 insuffulation is started at a flow rate of 1L/min, with the Veress needle held obliquely. The maximum pressure is set to 12mmHg. 

g. After the pressure stabilizes, the Veress needle is withdrawn and the incision is lengthened to accommodate a 12 mm optical port. (PORT A) 

h. A diagnostic laparoscopy is first performed by visualizing all the quadrants of the abdomen using a 30o or 45o HD laparoscope, inserted through the optical port. 

i. The remaining ports are inserted in the following manner according to the Baseball Diamond concept, under vision. 

j. The Right Hand Port (12mm) is inserted in the left midclavicular line, 

10 cms lateral to the optical port. (PORT B) 

k. The Left Hand Port (5mm) is inserted in the right midclavicular line, 10 cms lateral to the optical port. (PORT C) 

l. A 5mm port is inserted in the midline near the xiphoid process slightly towards right side for Nathanson’s liver retractor. (PORT D) 

m. A 5mm port is inserted in anterior axillary line 7 cm lateral to the 

Right Hand Port to retract the stomach. (PORT E) 

n. After port insertion, the patient position is changed to 30o reverse Trendelenburg position, to displace the transverse colon and small intestine inferiorly. 

 

5. Retraction of liver using Nathanson’s liver retractor 
 

a.  Nathanson’s liver retractor is inserted from the 5mm subxiphoid port and is used to retract the left lobe of liver from obscuring the view of the left crus of diaphragm. 

 

6. Identifying the lower limit of gastric pouch 
 

a. The anterior vein of Mayo overlies the pylorus, and is visualized. 

b. A sterile tape of 6 cm is inserted and a portion of greater curvature measured carefully starting proximally from the vein of Mayo. 

c. Using a monopolar hook or Harmonic ultrasonic scalpel, a window is created in the omental bursa just adjacent to greater curvature of stomach at 6 cm mark and lesser sac is entered. 

 

7. Dealing with the short gastric arteries along the greater curvature of stomach 
 

a. Using Ligasure, the short gastric arteries are transected close to the greater curvature of stomach, till the fundus of stomach has been reached. The assistant should perform traction from the omentum. 

b. The spleen and the short vessels should be kept in mind. The goal is to expose the cardia and the left crus. 

c. The angle of His is opened entirely while dividing the short gastric arteries in the cephalad direction around the fundic area. 

 

8. Mobilization of the posterior surface of stomach 
 

a. Now the stomach should be retracted towards the patient’s right. 

b. The stomach should be individualized from the retroperitoneal organs to achieve correct exposure during the gastrectomy. 

c. The spleen and the short vessels should be kept in mind. The goal is to expose the cardia and the left crus. 

d. The final posterior short gastric can be divided along the left crus. 

e. The anterior fat pad is often enlarged and obstructs the view of the medial cardia and the distal esophagus. Mobilize this to provide adequate exposure of this area for optimal stapling and placement of sutures. 
 

9. Dealing with hiatus hernia, if present 
 

a. After opening the angle of His and exposing the left crus, a hiatus hernia will be identified if present. 

b. If present, the contents should be reduced into the abdomen and the two crura approximated with interrupted non-absorbable sutures, depending on the size of the hernia. A large hernia may even require a mesh for a tension-free repair of the hernia. 

 

10. Gastric transection according to gastric calibration tube. 
 

a. A 36F gastric calibration tube is inserted by the anesthetist into the stomach and is adjusted along the lesser curvature so as to prevent looping of the tube. 

b. An endo-GIA stapler is now introduced via the Right Hand Port. 

c. The left hand grasps the lesser curvature, while the assistant retracts the greater curvature laterally. 

d. When adequate care has been taken that there is no vigorous lateral traction on the greater curvature (to prevent the development of functional stenosis in the body of the stomach), the stapler is fired, after confirming that the arms contain only the stomach. 

e. The arms of the stapler are kept closed for around 40-60 seconds, so as to ensure hemostasis of the cut margins. 

f. Depending on the size of the stomach, multiple stapler firings may be required. 

g. After the stapler crosses the first gastric pedicle, the stapler is advanced towards the spleen rather than gastroesophageal junction, so as to avoid bleeding and leakage from the most-proximal part of the stapler line. 
 

11. Checking for hemostasis and leakage 
 

a. After the neostomach is created, the stapled line should be inspected for bleeding. If there is bleeding, titanium clips or sutures can be applied. 

b. Dilute methylene blue is now instilled in the neostomach to watch for any leakage. The maximum capacity of the neostomach is less than 150ml.  The stapled line can also be tested for leakage through insufflations with the gastroscope while the remnant stomach is submerged under irrigation fluid. 

 

12. Extraction of the specimen 
 

a. The Right Hand Port is utilized to extract the specimen. 

b. The specimen is first introduced inside an endobag. 

c. It is then extracted through the Right Hand Port along with the cannula. 

d. If there is any difficulty in extracting the specimen, the fascia can be enlarged using a Kelly clamp or medium sized artery forceps introduced along side of the cannula. 

 

13. Port closure 
 

a. The insuffulation is stopped after the procedure and all instruments are removed from the cannulae, to allow the abdomen to decompress homogenously. 

b. The ports are then removed under vision. 

c. Finally the optical port is removed and closed with transfascial Vicryl suture using a knot pusher, followed by subcuticular skin sutures. 

d. All the ports 10mm or larger are closed in 2 layers like the optical port. Smaller ports are sutured in a single layer of subcuticular stitches. 

e. The sutures are covered with sterile tapes. 
 

14. Post-operative care 
 

a. On POD-1, patients undergo a gastrograffin study to check for any leakage from the staple line. 

b. The patient is then started on oral fluids following a normal gastrograffin study. 

c. If pain is adequately controlled on oral analgesics, the patient is discharged on POD-3 after explaining dietary and medication advice. 

d. Follow-ups are arranged on POD-7 and POD-10. 

5 COMMENTS

Dr. Hiren

#1

Sep 22nd, 2017 12:20 pm

Great work Sir. Your task analysis was very helpful. Indeed, it elucidates the whole surgery vividly and would definitely be of a great help for amateurs like me in understanding and practising Sleeve gastrectomy. Thank you very much Sir once again.

Dr. Mahmudul Riad

#2

May 26th, 2020 11:08 am

Dr. R. K. Mishra! You have made my Lockdown by over-simplifying this structure for me. Really i am enjoying your lecture, video's and all presentation. I hope after Lockdown i will join D.MAS. This was a great of Task Analysis of Sleeve Gastrectomy surgery.

Dr. Abi Brazil

#3

May 26th, 2020 11:33 am

Thank you for these video's!!! lecture & Presentation. I am studying for my Bariatric surgery fellowship from Cleveland clinic USA. I needed these Task Analysis for my !!Thesis brushing up!! Perfect Task Analysis of Sleeve Gastrectomy. Brilliant! Good speed and well explained.

Dr. Binay Golder

#4

May 26th, 2020 11:51 am

Really well presented. Sir your teaching so clear and very interesting. Always works best for us. Thank you, you have make something great for laparoscopic surgeons always seem's easy to understand. Thank's for posting this Task Analysis of Sleeve Gastrectomy.

Dr. Nathan K

#5

May 26th, 2020 12:05 pm

The best and easiest Task Analysis of Sleeve Gastrectomy of ever. Thank you very much Dr. R. K. Mishra. I want to extend my gratitude for your hard work that goes in to making these videos, as well as your wonderful style of in depth teaching. Undoubtedly, the knowledge and insight from your videos. Thanks for posting.

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How to Perform and Implement Task Analysis of Laparoscopic and Robotic Procedures

Task analysis is a critical component of any complex surgical procedure, including laparoscopic and robotic surgeries. It involves breaking down the procedure into its constituent tasks, identifying the steps, skills, and cognitive processes required. Task analysis not only enhances the understanding of these intricate surgeries but also serves as a foundation for training, skill assessment, and continuous improvement in healthcare. In this essay, we will delve into how to conduct and implement task analysis for laparoscopic and robotic procedures.

Understanding the Significance of Task Analysis

Before we explore the procedure for task analysis, it's essential to recognize why it is of paramount importance in the realm of surgery, particularly for laparoscopic and robotic procedures.

1. Enhanced Learning and Training: Task analysis helps in developing structured training programs. It breaks down complex procedures into manageable components, making it easier for trainees to learn and practice each step methodically.

2. Skill Assessment: By understanding the tasks and sub-tasks involved, it becomes possible to assess the competence of surgeons and surgical teams. This is crucial for ensuring patient safety and quality care.

3. Workflow Optimization: Task analysis can reveal inefficiencies in surgical workflows. Identifying these bottlenecks allows for process improvements, potentially reducing surgical times and enhancing outcomes.

4. Error Reduction: Recognizing potential points of error is vital for preventing surgical complications. Task analysis can highlight critical steps where errors are more likely to occur, leading to proactive measures to mitigate risks.

Procedure for Task Analysis of Laparoscopic and Robotic Procedures:

Task analysis for laparoscopic and robotic procedures involves several steps:

Step 1: Define the Surgical Procedure

Begin by clearly defining the surgical procedure you wish to analyze. Whether it's a laparoscopic cholecystectomy or a robotic prostatectomy, having a specific procedure in mind is essential.

Step 2: Gather Expert Input

Engage experts in the field, including experienced surgeons, nurses, and other surgical team members. Their input is invaluable in identifying and detailing the tasks involved.

Step 3: Identify the Tasks and Sub-Tasks

Break down the surgical procedure into tasks and sub-tasks. For instance, in a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, tasks could include trocar placement, camera insertion, gallbladder dissection, and suturing. Sub-tasks under "trocar placement" might involve choosing trocar sizes, making incisions, and inserting trocars.

Step 4: Sequence the Tasks

Establish the chronological order of tasks. Determine which tasks are dependent on others and identify any parallel processes. Sequencing tasks is essential for understanding the flow of the procedure.

Step 5: Define Task Goals and Objectives

For each task and sub-task, define the goals and objectives. What should be achieved in each step? For instance, in gallbladder dissection, the goal might be to safely detach the gallbladder from the liver while preserving nearby structures.

Step 6: Skill and Equipment Requirements

Specify the skills and equipment required for each task. Consider the level of expertise needed, such as basic laparoscopic skills or advanced robotic manipulation. Document the instruments and technology involved.

Step 7: Cognitive Processes

Identify the cognitive processes involved, such as decision-making, spatial orientation, and problem-solving. Understanding the mental aspects of surgery is critical for training and error prevention.

Step 8: Consider Variations and Complications

Acknowledge potential variations in the procedure and anticipate complications. How would the surgical team adapt if unexpected issues arise? Task analysis should encompass both the standard procedure and potential deviations.

Step 9: Develop Training and Assessment Tools

Use the task analysis results to create structured training modules. These modules should align with the identified tasks, objectives, and skill requirements. Additionally, design assessment tools to evaluate the competence of trainees and surgical teams.

Step 10: Continuous Improvement

Task analysis is not a one-time endeavor. Regularly revisit the analysis to incorporate new techniques, technology, and best practices. Continuous improvement is vital for staying at the forefront of surgical care.

Implementing Task Analysis Results:

Once task analysis is complete, it's crucial to implement the findings effectively:

1. Training Programs: Develop and deliver training programs based on the task analysis. These programs should encompass both simulation-based training and real-life surgical experience.

2. Skill Assessment: Use the assessment tools developed during task analysis to evaluate the skills of surgical teams. This can be done through structured evaluations and objective metrics.

3. Quality Improvement: Task analysis can reveal areas for process improvement. Work with the surgical team to implement changes that enhance efficiency and patient outcomes.

4. Error Prevention: Utilize the identified points of error to develop strategies for error prevention. This might involve checklists, preoperative briefings, and enhanced communication protocols.

5. Research and Innovation: Task analysis can also guide research efforts, leading to the development of new techniques and technologies that improve surgical procedures.

In conclusion, task analysis is an indispensable tool in understanding, teaching, and advancing complex surgical procedures such as laparoscopic and robotic surgeries. By meticulously dissecting each task and sub-task, identifying skill requirements, and considering cognitive processes, healthcare professionals can enhance patient safety, optimize surgical workflows, and continually improve the quality of surgical care. Task analysis is not merely an analytical exercise; it is a pathway to excellence in surgical practice.