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Open vs Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair
            paracetamol alone, or no analgesia. However, opioid dose per kg     5.  Salma U, Ahmed I, Ishtiaq S. A comparison of post-operative pain
            body weight did not differ based on the BMI category, contradicting   and hospital stay between Lichtenstein’s repair and laparoscopic
            a previous report of 30% less morphine consumption per kg body   transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair of inguinal hernia: a
                                             28
            weight in obese than healthy-weight patients.  Given the increased   randomized controlled trial. Pak J Med Sci 2015;31(5):1062–1066.
            prevalence of intake of opioid(s) in combination with NSAID and/or     6.  Lichtenstein L, Shulman A, Amid P, et al. The tension-free hernioplasty.
                                                                    Am J Surg 1989;157(2):188–193. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(89)90526-6.
            paracetamol among patients with higher BMI in the current study,      7.  Symeonidis D, Baloyiannis I, Koukoulis G, et. al. Prospective non-
            and that higher BMI is a predictor of chronic pain post-surgery, 15,23    randomized comparison of open vs laparoscopic transabdominal
            which has a significant health burden, this is clinically relevant.  preperitoneal (TAPP) inguinal hernia repair under different
               Duration of hospital stay did not differ after open vs   anaesthetic methods. Surg Today 2014;44(5):906–913. DOI: 10.1007/
            laparoscopic surgery, which reflects the findings of an earlier   s00595-013-0805-0.
                20
            study.  However, age was a confounding factor, with a significant     8.  Gokalp A, Inal M, Maralcan G, et al. A prospective randomized study
            correlation between age and hospital stay duration. Considering   of Lichtenstein open tension-free vs laparoscopic totally extra
            that patients in the open surgery group were significantly older   peritoneal techniques for inguinal hernia repair. Acta Chir Belg
                                                                    2003;103(5):502–506. DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2003.11679476.
            than those in the laparoscopic group, with age-matched groups,     9.  Sajid M, Khawaja A, Sayegh M, et al. A systemic review comparing
            open surgery may have been associated with a shorter hospital stay   single-incision vs multi-incision laparoscopic surgery for inguinal
            duration. The influence of BMI on hospital stay duration, whereby   hernia repair with mesh. Int J Surg 2016;29:25–35. DOI: 10.1016/
            obese patients stayed an average extra day compared with those   j.ijsu.2016.02.088.
            with a healthy BMI contradicts a previous study of no significant     10.  Basile F, Biondi A, Donati M. Surgical approach to abdominal wall
                                                            2
            difference between those with a BMI greater or less than 30 kg/m     defects: history and new trends. Int J Surg 2013;11:520–523. DOI:
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            on hospital stay after incisional hernia repair.  The impact of   10.1016/S1743-9191(13)60008-4.
            a higher BMI on hospital stay is significant in terms of health     11.  Eklund A, Rudberg C, Leijonmarck C, et. al. Recurrent inguinal
            economics considering the large costs associated with this. 30  hernia: randomized multicentre trial comparing laparoscopic and
                                                                    Lichtenstein repair. Surg Endosc 2007;21(4):634–640. DOI: 10.1007/
               There were several limitations to the current study. This   s00464-006-9163-y.
            research included a relatively small sample size (n = 63); however,     12.  Dedemandi G, Sgourakis G, Karaliotas C, et al. Comparison
            this is similar to previous studies of total patient numbers ranging   of  laparoscopic and open  tension-free repair of recurrent
            between 50 and 100. 12,14,20–22  Because of the large variability in   inguinal hernias: a prospective randomized study. Surg Endosc
            patients’ analgesic requirements, greater investigation into the   2006;20(7):1099–1104. DOI: 10.1007/s00464-005-0621-8.
            influence of patient characteristics in a larger cohort, alongside     13.  Ergonenc T, Beyaz S, Ozocak H, et al. Persistent postherniorrhaphy
            subjective measures of pain, would provide more information on   pain following inguinal hernia repair: a cross-sectional study of
            the determinants of this. Further, a longitudinal study design to   prevalence, pain characteristics and effects on quality of life. Int J
                                                                    Surg 2017;46:126–132. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.08.588.
            assess return to activities of daily living as well as chronic pain and     14.  Barkun J, Wexler M, Hinchey E, et al. Laparoscopic vs open inguinal
            analgesia consumption would provide better data with respect to   herniorrhaphy: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial.
            patient impact and the wider health burden.             Surgery 1995;118(4):703–709. DOI: 10.1016/S0039-6060(05)80038-8.
               Overall, this study demonstrated that patient characteristics of     15.  Massaron S, Bona S, Fumagalli U, et al. Analysis of post-surgical pain
            age and BMI influence analgesic consumption during, and duration   after inguinal hernia repair: a prospective study of 1,440 operations.
            of, the hospital stay following repair of inguinal hernia, with no   Hernia 2007;11(6):517–525. DOI: 10.1007/s10029-007-0267-7.
            main effect of the surgery mode. Further research is warranted     16.  Gillion J, Fagniez P. Chronic pain and cutaneous sensory changes after
            with respect to the interactions between patient characteristics and   inguinal hernia repair: comparison between open and laparoscopic
                                                                    techniques. Hernia 1999;3(2):75–80. DOI: 10.1007/BF01194609.
            recovery following open and laparoscopic surgical repair modes     17.  Nienhuijs S, Rosman C, Strobbe L, et al. An overview of the features
            for inguinal hernia repair, with the ultimate goal being optimal   influencing pain after inguinal hernia repair. Int J Surg 2008;6(4):
            patient recovery.                                       351–356. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2008.02.005.
                                                                 18.  Wassenaar E, Schoenmaeckers E, Raymakers J, et al. Mesh-fixation

            clInIcAl sIgnIfIcAnce                                   method and pain and quality of life after laparoscopic ventral
                                                                    or incisional hernia repair: a randomized trial of three fixation
            Postoperative analgesic requirements in inguinal hernia repair   techniques. Surg Endosc 2010;24(6):1296–1302. DOI: 10.1007/s00464-
            is significantly impacted by patient factors of age, BMI, and   009-0763-1.
            previous inguinal hernia repairs. Patient characteristics need to     19.  Neumayer L, Giobbie-Hurder A, Jonasson O, et. al. Open mesh
            be considered in future research and assessment of postoperative   vs laparoscopic mesh repair of inguinal hernia. N Engl J Med
            pain in inguinal hernia surgery.                        2004;350(18):1819–1827. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040093.
                                                                 20.  Lal P, Kajla R, Saha R, et al. Randomized controlled study of
                                                                    laparoscopic total extra peritoneal vs open Lichtenstein inguinal
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