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Laparoscopic Management of Pediatric Achalasia
            common cause of failure or recurrence of symptoms is believed to be   twelve-year single center experience. Pediatr Surg Int 2012;28(12):1211–
                            18
            incomplete myotomy.  The role of fundoplication in pediatric AC is   1217. DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3214-3.
            controversial. However, majority of studies support fundoplication.     10.  Roll GR, Rabl C, Ciovica R, et al. A controversy that has been tough to
               Of late, POEM is considered to be a novel approach in adults   swallow: is the treatment of achalasia now digested? J Gastrointest
                                                                    Surg 2010;14(Suppl 1):S33–S45. DOI: 10.1007/s11605-009-1013-5.
            with few case series reported in children as well with good short-    11.  Pastor AC, Mills J, Marcon MA, et al. A single-center 26-year
            term results. It can be considered to be a potential approach   experience with treatment of esophageal achalasia: is there an
            in future but its role in pediatric patients in not established at   optimal method? J Pediatr Surg 2009;44(7):1349–1354. DOI: 10.1016/j.
                  19
            present.  Further long-term studies required to establish its status.   jpedsurg.2008.10.117.
            In spite of drawbacks associated with LHM, it is the current surgical     12.  Wang L, Li YM, Li L. Meta-analysis of randomized and controlled
            treatment of choice in pediatric achalasia cardia. 19   treatment trials for achalasia. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54(11):2303–2311. DOI:
                                                                    10.1007/s10620-008-0637-8.
                                                                 13.  Maksimak M, Perlmutter DH, Winter HS. The use of nifedipine for
            references                                              the treatment of achalasia in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr
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              4.  Singh S, Wakhlu A, Pandey A, et al. Retrospective analysis of paediatric     16.  Schoenberg MB, Marx S, Kersten JF, et al. Laparoscopic Hellermyotomy
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              8.  Porras G, Hernández MH, Izundegui G, et al. Selecting the surgical     19.  Nabi Z, Ramchandani M, Reddy DN, et al. Per oral endoscopic
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              9.  Hallal C, Kieling CO, Nunes DL, et al. Diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and
                associated diseases of achalasia in children and adolescents: a







































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