Page 25 - Jourmal of World Association of Laparoscopic Surgeon
P. 25

WJOLS



                     What Should be the Approach in the Long-term Management of Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?

          Again these theoretical possibilities has not established in  discontinuation of therapy. Hence, a treatment option which
          the clinical settings.                              provides effective control of symptoms and prevents or
             GERD is a chronic condition and just like any other  minimizes complications has to be offered to patients.
          chronic syndrome patients with GERD also require    Medical therapy with PPI and laparoscopic antireflux
          prolonged medication. The consensus on pathophysiology  surgery, both can achieve these therapeutic goals. Hence,
          of GERD is breakdown of antireflux barrier in patients with  in the light of this literature review it is recommended to
          GERD, and PPIs or other medications effective in    individualize the treatment offered to the patient with
          controlling GERD symptoms fail to address this primary  GERD, in consultation with the patient himself or herself.
          cause of the disease. This is a major criticism leveled against
          prolonged use of PPIs by proponents of surgery for GERD.  REFERENCES
          In addition there are several large studies which has shown  1. Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF, Hiltz SW, Black E,
          that the clinical outcome of laparoscopic antireflux surgery  Modlin IM, et al. American gastroenterological association
                                                                  medical position statement on the management of gastro-
          is more favorable than that of long-term PPI therapy. Other  esophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2008;135:1383-91.
          studies also have demonstrated that laparoscopic Nissen  2. Nebel OT, Fornes ME, Castell DO. Symptomatic gastro-
          fundoplication provides better physiological control of  esophageal reflux: Incidence and precipitating factors. Am J
          reflux and improved quality of life.                    Dig Dis 1976;21(11):953-56.
             As noted earlier, GERD is syndrome which represents  3. DeMeester TR, Johnson LF, Joseph GJ, Toscano MS, A Hall
                                                                  AW, Skinner DB. Patterns of gastroesophageal reflux in health
          nonerosive reflux disease and erosive and ulcerative    and disease. Annals Surg 1976;184(4):459-70.
          gastroesophageal disease. Hence, there are studies which  4. Nandurkar S, Talley NJ. Epidemiology and natural history of
          have challenged the superiority of antireflux surgery in the  reflux disease. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol
                                                                  2000;14(5):743-57.
          treatment of esophagitis. These studies have demonstrated  5. Hunt RH, Tytgat GH, Malfertheiner P, et al. Whistle summary:
          that recurrence rate of esophagitis between antireflux  The slow rate of rapid progress. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007;41(6):
          surgery and PPI are equal and healing of esophagitis is also  539-45.
          similar. Similarly, controversy exists in the management of  6. Little AG. Mechanisms of action of antireflux surgery: Theory
                                                                  and fact. World J Surg 1992;16:320-25.
          Barretts esophagus. In this regard, earlier studies have shown  7. Ireland AC, Holloway RH, Toouli J, Dent J. Mechanisms
          laparoscopic antireflux surgery to be the choice for patients  underlying the antireflux action of fundoplication. Gut 1993;34:
          with Barrets esophagus, as it reconstructs the antireflux  303-08.
          barrier, and following surgery regression of intestinal  8. Vakil N. The frontiers of reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci 2006;51(11):
                                                                  1887-95.
          metaplasia has been observed and it also appeared to reduce  9. Lundell L. Acid suppression in the long-term treatment of peptic
          the risk of adenocarcinoma. But a recent meta-analysis has  strictures in Barrett’s oesophagus. Digestion 1992;51(suppl 1):
          failed substantiate such a protective effect against    49-58.
          development of esophageal cancer in patients with Barretts  10. Dallemagne B, Weerts JM, Jehaes C, Markiewicz S, Lombard R.
                                                                  Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication: Preliminary report. Surg
          esophagus following antireflux surgery.                 Laparosc Endosc 1991;1(3):138-43.
             Endoluminal procedures have been recently evolving  11. Watson DI, Jamieson GG. Antireflux surgery in the laparoscopic
          in an interesting and promising less invasive procedures  era. Br J Surg 1998;85:1173-84.
          than laparoscopic antireflux surgery. However, significant  12. Carlson MA, Frantzides CT. Complications and results of
          data is lacking about these procedures and there are no  primary minimally invasive antireflux procedures: A review of
                                                                  10, 735 reported cases. J Am Coll Surg 2001;193:428-39.
          studies that have compared the efficacy of these procedures  13. Harvey RF, Hadley N, Gill TR, et al. Effects of sleeping with
          with either antireflux surgery or with medical treatments.  the bed-head raised and of ranitidine in patients with severe
                                                                  peptic oesophagitis. The Lancet 1987;2(8569):1200-03.
          CONCLUSION                                          14. Harris RA, Kuppermann M, Richter JE. Proton pump inhibitors
                                                                  or histmine 2 receptor antagonists for the prevention of
          GERD is a syndrome resulting from breakdown of antireflux  recurrences of erosive esophagitis: A cost effectiveness analysis.
          barrier at the lower end of esophagus. This breakdown of  Am J Gastroenterol 92(12):2179-87.
          antireflux barrier results in reflux of gastric contents into  15. Sachs G. Proton pump inhibitors and acid-related diseases.
                                                                  Pharmacotherapy 17(1):22-37.
          the esophagus. Mechanisms for the antireflux barrier  16. Horn J. The proton-pump inhibitors: Similarities and differences.
          breakdown are thought to be due to TLESRs and hiatus    Clin Ther 22(2):266-80.
          hernia.                                             17. Venables TL, Newland RD, Patel AC, et al. Omeprazole 10 mg
             PPIs is an option for initial management of GERD.    once daily, omeprazole 20 mg once daily or ranitidine 150 mg
          However, this condition been a chronic condition, relapse  twice daily, evaluated as initial therapy for the relief of symptoms
                                                                  of gastroesophageal reflux disease in general practice. Scand J
          is common while on therapy with medications or following  Gastroenterol 1997;32:965-73.
          World Journal of Laparoscopic Surgery, January-April 2013;6(1):23-28                              27
   20   21   22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   30